Urology Urology is a branch of medicine that deals with surgery and treatment of the urinary tract of men and women, as well as male reproductive    organs, but in women, urology does not interfere with the genital system and female reproduction. A doctor who specializes in this branch of   medicine is called a urologist or urologist. Symptoms of urological diseases: - The presence of blood in the urine: if the amount is high, it can be   seen with the naked eye and in small amounts is detected in a urine test. Urinary incontinence: can be felt at the beginning or end or in the middle     of urination. Frequent urination: can be daily or at night. Decreased urine flow: It can be accompanied by straining when urinating and also   prolonged urination time. Difference between nephrology and urology: Nephrology is one of the subspecialties of internal medicine and is a   medical  nephrologist who is trained to diagnose and control kidney diseases. A nephrologist is not a surgeon, so he uses other methods to treat   kidney disease, including dialysis, medication, fluid balance, electrolyte regulation, and blood pressure control. Urology specializes in surgery and   medicine, and urologist specializes in diagnosis, control. And specializes in treating urinary tract disorders in both men and women. The urologist   also treats diseases of the male reproductive system. When should I see a urologist? Patients usually see a urologist in many cases. The most   common of them are: 1- Urinary tract disorders 2- Bladder problems 3- Urea-related diseases 4- Anatomical defects that affect kidney function 5-   Diseases that affect the male genitals Common urological diseases: Urinary stones: Urinary stones can be divided according to the sex, type of   stone, age of the patient and the location of the stone. Stone type: The most common types of urinary system stones include calcium oxalate,   calcium phosphate, uric acid, infectious and cysteine. The location of the stone: It is usually the place where stones form and form in the kidneys,   and then this stone, if it has a way out of the kidney, enters the ureter, which is the duct between the kidneys and the bladder, and it is usually at     this time that severe pain occurs. And the patient goes to the doctor and usually the stone does not cause much pain when it is in the kidney. In   patients who have difficulty passing urine out of the bladder, such as those with an enlarged prostate, stones can form in the bladder

  also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract   system and     the male reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder,   urethra, and the male     reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis). The urinary and reproductive   tracts are closely linked, and disorders   of one often affect the other. Thus a major spectrum of the conditions managed in urology exists under the   domain of genitourinary disorders. Urology   combines the management of medical (i.e., non-surgical) conditions, such as urinary-tract infections   and benign prostatic hyperplasia, with the management of   surgical conditions such as bladder or prostate cancer, kidney stones, congenital   abnormalities, traumatic injury, and stress incontinence. Urological techniques   include minimally invasive robotic and laparoscopic surgery, laser-   assisted surgeries, and other scope-guided procedures. Urologists receive training in open and   minimally invasive surgical techniques, employing   real-time ultrasound guidance, fiber-optic endoscopic equipment, and various lasers in the treatment of   multiple benign and malignant conditions.   Urology is closely related to (and urologists often collaborate with the practitioners of) oncology, nephrology,   gynaecology, andrology, pediatric   surgery, colorectal surgery, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. Urology is one of the most competitive and highly sought   surgical specialties for   physicians, with new urologists comprising less than 1.5% of United States medical-school graduates each year.Urologists are physicians   which   have specialized in the field after completing their general degree in medicine. Upon successful completion of a residency program, many urologists    choose to undergo further advanced training in a subspecialty area of expertise through a fellowship lasting an additional 12 to 36 months.   Subspecialties may   include: urologic surgery, urologic oncology and urologic oncological surgery, endourology and endourologic surgery,   urogynecology and urogynecologic surgery,   reconstructive urologic surgery (a form of reconstructive surgery), minimally-invasive urologic surgery,   pediatric urology and pediatric urologic surgery (including   adolescent urology, the treatment of premature or delayed puberty, and the treatment   of  congenital urological syndromes, malformations, and deformations),   transplant urology (the field of transplant medicine and surgery concerned   with transplantation of organs such as the kidneys, bladder tissue, ureters, and,   recently, penises), voiding dysfunction, paruresis, neurourology,   and androurology and sexual medicine. Additionally, some urologists supplement their   fellowships with a master's degree (2–3 years) or with a   Ph.D. (4–6 years) in related topics to prepare them for academic as well as focused clinical employment.